Gardening Increases Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Children

I rarely say that I'm proud of my work.  Often, my work is collaborative, so that it just doesn't seem right for me to take credit for a job well done.  Even more often, I focus on flaws rather than successes. 

But today, I can honestly say that I'm proud of my work.  Specifically, I'm proud of an article I recently wrote and published with my graduate student.

• Langellotto,G.A and Gupta, A. 2012. Gardening increases vegetable consumption in school-aged children: a meta-analytical synthesis. HortTechnology 23: 430-445.

This is not the first article I've published, but it may be the first one that I literally want to share with just about everyone!  [Right about now, you should be thanking me for not talking about my past work on the mating habits and reproductive fitness of wing-dimorphic planthoppers.  Fun study.  Not a zippy cocktail party topic.]

I decided to write this article while contracted to work on another project.  Growing Healthy Kids is an OSU Extension nutrition education curriculum that uses gardening as a vehicle to teach healthy habits.  I was thus somewhat sad to see that a lot of the gardening activities I included in this first version of the curriculum had been edited out of the final product.  Actually, I was really, really sad.

One reason that gardening was edited out, was because rules governing USDA SNAP-Ed programs didn't allow gardening to be the focus of nutrition education programs - at least - not to the extent that I had written gardening into the curriculum.  Thankfully, the guidelines have changed for 2013, to allow for greater use of gardening in nutrition education programs.  And, right on time, we're set to publish version 2.0 of the Growing Healthy Kids curriculum this October - chock full of garden activities!

A second reason that many gardening activities were edited out of Growing Healthy Kids, version 1.0 is OSU's commitment to research-based practices.  OSU Extension - like Extension Services at Land Grant Universities around the nation - has a strong commitment to research-based practices.  This is the fantastic thing about Extension Services.  When you go to your local Extension Service office to ask for advice on gardening - we focus on research-backed methodologies, rather than simply giving you an opinion.

"It worked this way in my garden.  You should try it, too!" is not a suitable answer.  We instead look for those options that have been tested and supported by rigorous research.

However, when I originally wrote Growing Healthy Kids, the research on whether or not garden-based programs increased fruit or vegetable consumption was mixed.  A few studies showed a positive effect of gardens on changes in fruit and vegetable consumption.  Many studies showed no effect.

Enter my 'aha' moment.  I haven't had many 'aha' moments in my life, and thus want to highlight this one instance in bold type!

I realized that at least part of the reason many researchers have not been able to show a significant, positive impact of gardens (or any nutrition education program, for that matter) on fruit or vegetable consumption is because there is a limit to the servings of fruits or vegetables one person can eat.  Researchers are thus left to look for very small changes.

For example, at the beginning of a research study, a student may eat an average of 1 serving of vegetables each day.  By the end of the study, if they eat an average of 2 servings of vegetables per day - that's a really big deal!  They increase their vegetable consumption by 100%!  However, the researcher is left to document that very small shift from 1 to 2.  This difference is small in magnitude - but can have huge, positive implications for the child who doubles their vegetable consumption.

This is what's known as a problem with statistical power - a problem we could circumvent if we conducted a review of the literature, and then subjected the studies that we found to a meta-analysis.  Meta-analysis is a statistical technique, that allows you to combine data from different studies, so long as those studies test the same hypothesis.  Power problem solved.

So, we searched the published, peer-reviewed literature for studies that looked at the impact of nutrition education programs on changes in:

1. students' nutrition knowledge,
2. students' preference for fruits or vegetables, and
3. students' consumption of fruits or vegetables.

We categorized the components of each study, based upon what type of nutrition education program was offered.  Our three categories were:

1. No nutrition education (control groups)
2. Nutrition education without gardening (usually, focused on food groups and nutrition labels)
3. Nutrition education with gardening

We found that nutrition education programs without gardening increased nutrition knowledge - but not fruit or vegetable consumption.

On the other hand, nutrition education with gardening significantly increased both fruit and vegetable consumption - while having no impact on nutrition knowledge.  Kids who garden eat more fruits and vegetables, even if they don't know why they should be eating more fruits and vegetables!

Harvest from Multnomah County Master Gardener Association demonstration garden, at the Learning Gardens Laboratory, 6801 SE 60th Ave., Portland.  Photo submitted as part of a Marje Luce Search for Excellence application, 2012.

Why might this be the case?  We think it may be a combination of two things.  First, kids who garden may have better access to fruits and vegetables.  Second, research by Birch and colleagues (1987) has shown that it takes somewhere between 10-15 'exposures' to a novel food, before kids are accepting of the new food.  Of these 'exposures' at least one of them has to be a taste - but seeing, feeling, growing, smelling are all different ways to expose kids to new foods.  We suggest that gardening is a fun a low risk way for kids to experience vegetables - which makes them more willing to include vegetables they grow into their diet.

So, it may be bold to say - and this was not the focus of our research - but it isn't too great of a leap to suggest that if you teach a kid to garden, you're teaching them to eat healthy!  Go gardeners!

Why Garden?

Why do you garden? If you were to send me your responses, I’m sure I would receive as many unique answers to this question, as there are Master Gardeners. However, I thought you might be interested in these research findings on the benefits of gardening. You may already know these benefits to be true, but it is nice to see them documented by research:

Gardening Provides Relief from Acute Stress. Participants were asked to perform a stressful task, and then were asked to either read indoors for 30 minutes or garden outdoors for 30 minutes. Participants who gardened had their positive mood completely restored to what it was prior to performing the stressful task. Moods deteriorated for those that read. Both groups saw a reduction in the stress hormone, cortisol, but the reduction was greater for those that gardened.

Van Den Berg and Custers. 2011. Gardening promotes neuroendocrine and affective restoration from stress. J Health Psychol. 16: 3-1.

Gardening Helps Your Family Eat Better. About 75% of adults don’t get their daily recommended requirement of fruits and vegetables. However, adults with a household member who gardens consumed fruits and vegetables 1.4 times more per day than those without a gardener in the family. These same adults were 3.5 times more likely to consume fruits and vegetables at least 5 times daily.

Alaimo et al. 2008. Fruit and vegetable intake among urban community gardeners. J Nutr. Educ. Behav. 40: 94-101.

Gardening Promotes Physical Health. Active gardeners (150+ minutes per week spent gardening) burn nearly twice as many calories per week than casual gardeners (120-150 minutes per week) and non-gardeners. They also have better physical function, hand function and life satisfaction. But, active gardeners also have worse back pain, so be careful out there!

Park, Sin-Ae. 2007. Gardening as a Physical Activity for Health in Older Adults. Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Horticulture, Forestry and Recreational Resources. Kansas State University.

Gardening and Other Outdoor Activities are Effective Treatments for Childhood Obesity. Children seeking treatment for obesity were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: individual therapy, group therapy, summer camp (outdoor activities, including gardening) and advice in 1 session. All groups decreased their body mass index, relative to those in a control group (no intervention), and the results lasted 6 months after the intervention. If I were a kid, I know that I would enjoy summer camp and gardening a whole lot more than therapy . Take joy in introducing the next generation to gardening!

Braet et al. 2008. Follow-up results of different treatment programs for obese children. Acta Pediatrica 86: 397-402.

Gardening Decreases Risk of Dementia. In a 16 year study that followed 2,800 men and women, all of whom were free of dementia at the start of the study, those who gardened had a 36% reduced risk of developing dementia. In other good news, those who had a single drink on a daily basis reduced their risk of developing dementia by 34%.

Simons et al. 2006. Lifestyle factors and risk of dementia: Dubbo study of the elderly. MJA. 184: 68-70.

So, continue to garden and continue to teach others how to garden. It will benefit our individual, family and community health. Afterall, the OSU Extension Master Gardener Program does subscribe to research-based information. I know that I sure like the results of the Simons et al. study, especially now that I live in a state with amazing wines and beer!